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Fencing - Glossary of terms
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Not all terms have
universal definitions. The meanings of some terms will vary between
schools or periods. If any bias exists in the following glossary, it is
towards the official FIE definitions first, and traditional French
school definitions next. Note that only a few of these terms are rigidly
defined for use by referees in Articles t.2 to t.10 of the Rules of
Competition.
Absence of blade: when
the blades are not touching; opposite of engagement.
Advance: a
movement forward by step, cross, or balestra.
Aids: the last
three fingers of the sword hand.
Analysis:
reconstruction of the fencing phrase to determine priority of touches.
Assault: friendly
combat between two fencers.
Attack: the
initial offensive action made by extending the sword arm and
continuously threatening the valid target of the opponent.
Attack au Fer: an
attack that is prepared by deflecting the opponent's blade, eg. beat,
press, froissement.
Backsword: an
archaic, edged, unpointed sword used in prizefighting (also
singlestick); a single-edged military sword.
Balestra: a
forward hop or jump, typically followed by an attack such as a lunge or
fleche.
Bayonet: a type of
electrical connector for foil and sabre.
Beat: an attempt
to knock the opponent's blade aside or out of line by using one's foible
or middle against the opponent's foible.
Baudry point: a
safety collar placed around a live epee point to prevent dangerous
penetration.
Bind: an action in
which the opponent's blade is forced into the diagonally opposite
line.
Black Card: used
to indicate the most serious offences in a fencing competition. The
offending fencer is usually expelled from the event or tournament.
Blocking: electronic
suppression of hits. Bout: an assault at which the score is kept.
Broadsword: any
later sword intended for cutting over thrusting; sabre.
Broken Time: a
sudden change or hesitation in the tempo of one fencer's actions, used
to fool the opponent into responding at the wrong time.
Button: the safety
tip on the end of practice and sporting swords.
Change of Engagement: engagement
of the opponent's blade in the opposite line.
Commanding the blade:
grabbing the opponent's blade with the off-hand, illegal in sport
fencing.
Compound: also
composed; an action executed in two or more movements; an attack or
riposte incorporating one or more feints.
Conversation: the
back-and-forth play of the blades in a fencing match, composed of
phrases (phrases d'armes) punctuated by gaps of no blade action.
Counter-attack: an
offensive action made against the right-of-way, or in response to the
opponent's attack.
Counter-disengage: a
disengage in the opposite direction, to deceive the counter-parry.
Counter-parry: a
parry made in the opposite line to the attack; ie. the defender first
comes around to the opposite side of the opponent's blade.
Counter-riposte: an
attack that follows a parry of the opponent's riposte.
Counter-time: an
attack that responds to the opponent's counter-attack, typically a
riposte following the parry of the counter-attack.
Corps-a-corps: lit.
"body-to-body"; physical contact between the two fencers
during a bout, illegal in foil and sabre.
Coulè: also
graze, glise', or glissade; an attack or feint that slides along the
opponent's blade.
Coup lancé: a
launched hit; an attack that starts before a stop in play but lands
after. Valid for normal halts, but not valid at end of time.
Coupè: also
cut-over; an attack or deception that passes around the opponent's
tip.
Croise: also
semi-bind; an action in which the opponent's blade is forced into the
high or low line on the same side.
Cross: an advance
or retreat by crossing one leg over the other; also passé avant
(forward cross), passé arriere (backwards cross).
Cut: an attack
made with a chopping motion of the blade, normally landing with the
edge.
Deception: avoidance
of an attempt to engage the blades; see disengage, coupe'
Defensive Action:
an action made to avoid being touched; parry.
Delayed: not
immediate, following a hesitation.
Derobement:
deception of the attack au fer or prise de fer.
Detached: a
riposte executed without blade contact.
Direct: a simple
attack or riposte that finishes in the same line in which it was formed,
with no feints out of that line.
Disengage: a
circular movement of the blade that deceives the opponent's parry,
removes the blades from engagement, or changes the line of engagement.
Displacement:
moving the target to avoid an attack; dodging.
Double: in epee,
two attacks that arrive within 40-50 ms of each other.
Double-time:
also "dui tempo"; parry-riposte as two distinct actions.
Doublè: an attack
or riposte that describes a complete circle around the opponent's blade,
and finishes in the opposite line.
Dry: also steam;
fencing without electric judging aids.
Engagement: when
the blades are in contact with each other, eg. during a parry, attack au
fer, prise de fer, or coulé.
Envelopment: an
engagement that sweeps the opponent's blade through a full circle.
Epee: a fencing
weapon with triangular cross-section blade and a large bell guard; also
a light dueling sword of similar design, popular in the mid-19th
century; epee de terrain; dueling sword.
False: an action
that is intended to fail, but draw a predicted reaction from the
opponent; also, the back edge of a sabre blade.
Feint: an attack
into one line with the intention of switching to another line before the
attack is completed.
Fencing Time: also
temps d'escrime; the time required to complete a single, simple fencing
action.
FIE: Federation
Internationale d'Escrime, the world governing body of fencing.
Finta in tempo: lit.
"feint in time"; a feint of counter-attack that draws a
counter-time parry, which is decieved; a compound counter-attack.
Fleche: lit.
"arrow"; an attack in which the aggressor leaps off his
leading foot, attempts to make the hit, and then passes the opponent at
a run.
Flick: a cut-like
action that lands with the point, often involving some whip of the
foible of the blade to "throw" the point around a block or
other obstruction.
Florentine: an
antiquated fencing style where a secondary weapon or other instrument is
used in the off hand.
Flying Parry or
Riposte: a parry with a backwards glide and riposte by cut-over.
Foible: the upper,
weak part of the blade. Foil: a fencing weapon with rectangular
cross-section blade and a small bell guard; any sword that has been
buttoned to render it less dangerous for practice.
Forte: the lower,
strong part of the blade.
French Grip: a
traditional hilt with a slightly curved grip and a large pommel.
Froissement: an
attack that displaces the opponent's blade by a strong grazing
action.
Fuller: the groove
that runs down a sword blade to reduce weight.
Glide: see coulé.
Guard: the metal
cup or bow that protects the hand from being hit. Also, the defensive
position assumed when not attacking.
Hilt: the handle
of a sword, consisting of guard, grip, and pommel.
Homologated: certified
for use in FIE competitions, eg. 800N clothing and maraging blades.
Immediate: without
any perceived hesitation between actions.
In Line: point in
line.
In Quartata: a
counter-attack made with a quarter turn to the inside, concealing the
front but exposing the back.
In Time: at least
one fencing time before the opposing action, especially with regards to
a stop-hit.
Indirect: a simple
attack or riposte that finishes in the opposite line to which it was
formed.
Insistence: forcing
an attack through the parry. Interception: a counter-attack that
intercepts and checks an indirect attack or other disengagement.
Invitation: a line
that is intentionally left open to encourage the opponent to attack.
Italian Grip: a
traditional hilt with finger rings and crossbar.
Judges: additional
officials who assist the referee in detecting illegal or invalid
actions, such as floor judges or hand judges.
Jury: the 4
officials who watch for hits in a dry fencing bout.
Kendo: Japanese
fencing, with two-handed swords.
Lamé: a metallic
vest/jacket used to detect valid touches in foil and sabre.
Line: the main
direction of an attack (eg., high/low, inside/outside), often equated to
the parry that must be made to deflect the attack; also point in line.
Lunge: an attack
made by extending the rear leg and landing on the bent front leg.
Mal-parry: also
mal-pare'; a parry that fails to prevent the attack from landing.
Manipulators: the
thumb and index finger of the sword hand.
Maraging: a
special steel used for making blades; said to be stronger and break more
cleanly than conventional steels.
Marker Points: an
old method of detecting hits using inked points.
Martingale: a
strap that binds the grip to the wrist/forearm.
Match: the
aggregate of bouts between two fencing teams.
Measure: the
distance between the fencers.
Mensur: German
fraternity duel.
Middle: the middle
third of the blade, between foible and forte, sometimes held to be part
of the foible.
Moulinet: a
whirling cut, executed from the wrist or elbow.
Neuvieme: an
unconventional parry (#9) sometimes described as blade behind the back,
pointing down (a variant of octave), other times similar to elevated
sixte.
Octave: parry #8;
blade down and to the outside, wrist supinated.
Offensive Action: an
action in which the fencer attempts to touch the opponent.
Offensive-defensive
Action: an action that simultaneously attempts to touch the opponent
and avoid the opponents touch.
On Guard: also En
Garde; the fencing position; the stance that fencers assume when
preparing to fence.
Opposition: holding
the opponent's blade in a non-threatening line; a time-hit; any attack
or counter-attack with opposition.
Parry: a block of
the attack, made with the forte of one's own blade; also parade.
Pass: an attack
made with a cross; eg. fleche. Also, the act of moving past the
opponent.
Passata-sotto: a
lunge made by dropping one hand to the floor.
Passé: an attack
that passes the target without hitting; also a cross-step (see cross).
Phrase: a set of
related actions and reactions in a fencing conversation.
Pineapple tip: a
serrated epee point used prior to electric judging.
Piste: the linear
strip on which a fencing bout is fought; approx. 2m wide and 14m long.
Pistol Grip: a
modern, orthopaedic grip, shaped vaguely like a small pistol; varieties
are known by names such as Belgian, German, Russian, and Visconti.
Plaqué: a point
attack that lands flat. Plastron: a partial jacket worn for extra
protection; typically a half-jacket worn under the main jacket on the
weapon-arm side of the body.
Point: a valid
touch; the tip of the sword; the mechanical assembly that makes up the
point of an electric weapon; an attack made with the point (ie. a
thrust)
Point in Line: also
line; an extended arm and blade that threatens the opponent.
Pommel: a fastener
that attaches the grip to the blade.
Preparation: a
non-threatening action intended to create the opening for an attack; the
initial phase of an attack, before right-of-way is established.
Presentation: offering
one's blade for engagement by the opponent.
Press: an attempt
to push the opponent's blade aside or out of line; depending on the
opponent's response, the press is followed by a direct or indirect
attack.
Prime: parry #1;
blade down and to the inside, wrist pronated.
Principle of Defence: the
use of forte against foible when parrying.
Priority: right-of-way;
in sabre, the now-superceded rules that decide which fencer will be
awarded the touch in the event that they both attack simultaneously.
Prise de Fer: also
taking the blade; an engagement of the blades that forces the opponent's
weapon into a new line.
See: bind, croise,
envelopment, opposition.
Quarte: parry #4;
blade up and to the inside, wrist supinated.
Quinte: parry #5;
blade up and to the inside, wrist pronated. In sabre, the blade is held
above the head to protect from head cuts.
Rapier: a long,
double-edged thrusting sword popular in the 16th-17th centuries.
Red Card: used to
indicate repeated minor rule infractions or a major rule infraction by
one of the fencers; results in a point being given to the other fencer.
Redoublement: a
new action that follows an attack that missed or was parried; renewal of
a failed attack in a different line.
Referee: also
director, president; the mediator of the fencing bout.
Remise: immediate
replacement of an attack that missed or was parried, without withdrawing
the arm.
Reprise: renewal
of an attack that missed or was parried, after a return to en-garde.
Retreat: step
back; opposite of advance.
Ricasso: the
portion of the tang between the grip and the blade, present on Italian
hilts and most rapiers.
Right-of-way: rules
for awarding the point in the event of a double touch in foil or sabre.
Riposte: an
offensive action made immediately after a parry of the opponent's
attack.
Sabre: a fencing
weapon with a flat blade and knuckle guard, used with cutting or
thrusting actions; a military sword popular in the 18th to 20th
centuries; any cutting sword used by cavalry.
Salle: a fencing
hall or club. Salute: with the weapon, a customary acknowledgement of
one's opponent and referee at the start and end of the bout.
Schlager: German
fraternity dueling sword with 3.5' blade and 10" guard. Second
Intention: a false action used to draw a response from the opponent,
which will open the opportunity for the intended action that follows,
typically a counter-riposte.
Seconde: parry #2;
blade down and to the outside, wrist pronated.
Septime: parry #7;
blade down and to the inside, wrist supinated.
Simple: executed
in one movement; an attack or riposte that involves no feints.
Simultaneous: in
foil and sabre, two attacks for which the right-of-way is too close to
determine.
Single Stick: an
archaic form of fencing with basket-hilted wooden sticks.
Single-time: also
"stesso tempo"; parry-riposte as a single action.
Sixte: parry #6;
blade up and to the outside, wrist supinated.
Small Sword: a
light duelling sword popular in the 17th-19th centuries, precursor to
the foil.
Stop Hit: a
counter-attack that hits; also a counter-attack whose touch is valid by
virtue of it's timing.
Stop Cut: a
stop-hit with the edge in sabre, typically to the cuff.
Three Prong: a
type of electrical connector used in fencing.
Thrown Point: a
"flick". Thrust: an attack made by moving the sword parallel
to its length and landing with the point.
Tierce: parry #3;
blade up and to the outside, wrist pronated.
Time Hit: also
time-thrust; old name for stop hit with opposition.
Trompement: deception
of the parry.
Two Prong: a type
of body-wire/connector, used in foil and sabre.
Whip-over: in
sabre, a touch that results from the foible of the blade whipping over
the opponent's guard or blade when parried.
Whites: fencing
clothing.
Yellow Card: also
advertissement, warning; used to indicate a minor rule infraction by one
of the fencers.
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